The Master's thesis of researcher Umm Al-Banin Hussein Ali was discussed at the College of Engineering, University of Basra, Department of Electrical Engineering, under the supervision of Professor Dr. Ali Amin Abdul-Jabbar and Assistant Professor Dr. Hisham Latif Sawadi, entitled ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EXPOSURE FROM WIRELESS DEVICES

This study aims to evaluate the thermal effects of electromagnetic fields on the human head by analyzing two main exposure scenarios representing common wireless communication systems.
 
In the first scenario, the impact of mobile phone antennas, including cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth antennas, was investigated as practical models of commercially used antennas. Each antenna was modeled with a human head model using COMSOL Multiphysics, and a coupled electromagnetic–thermal simulation was conducted to calculate the distribution of the induced electromagnetic fields and the resulting temperature rise based on the bio-heat transfer equation. The Wi-Fi and Bluetooth antennas were assigned a transmitted power of 0.1 W, while the cellular antenna operated at 1 W. The results showed that after 60 minutes of exposure, the maximum temperature increase reached 38.25℃ for the cellular antenna, 37.16℃ for the Wi-Fi antenna, and 37.15℃ for the Bluetooth antenna. When the three antennas operated simultaneously for one hour, the temperature increased to 38.56℃. After analyzing four exposure cases to assess the potential thermal impact of these systems, the findings indicated that the temperature rise values remained within the permissible limits. However, prolonged mobile phone usage may lead to a continued gradual increase in human head temperature over time.
 
In the second scenario, the effect of a Bluetooth earbud antenna was examined using a compact chip antenna model with dimensions of 4.9 × 13.0 × 2.0 mm³ and a transmitted power of approximately 0.0025 W. A full-wave electromagnetic–thermal simulation was performed to evaluate the field distribution and the resulting temperature increase within head tissues. The results demonstrated that the temperature rise after 60 minutes of continuous operation was negligible and remained within safe limits, indicating that the thermal effect of Bluetooth earbuds on the human head is minimal.